Posts Tagged ‘Archives’

The Purpose of an Archive

Thursday, May 14th, 2009

I have finished most all of my requirements for graduate school.  My final archives research paper was on visual literacy and I discussed important angles to consider win the process and the context when looking at visual materials.  There was a section where I was able to include a type of personal statement.  It flowed from what I was writing and is the lens I look through when considering what to do and how to process a collection. The following section was included as an explanation of how I viewed the purpose or responsibility of an archive.

I look at all aspects of archival work as pointing to an end goal of getting people interested in what the institutions hold and secondly a certain degree of customer satisfaction. In order for interest to be created—in a collection, in an institution, in anything—they need to it exists. This step in awareness is extremely important and it seems that is it often viewed as cursory or even completely overlooked. As Joyce Gardella has stated, “Being a ‘Good Thing’ is not the protection it once was.[1]” Although she was referring to museums, it is true for all cultural institutions. Providing unique materials, creating exhibits and programs that offer experiences that are irreplaceable are only useful to the sustainability of the institution if people know about it. While this may sound childishly simple and obvious, much of the available literature seems to focus on theory and technique. By no means am I saying that there is no more room for theory in archives, but I am wondering where the practical information resources are. Where and how do people find out about your institution? Where is advertisement, or, if that term is too commercial for the cultural institution, where are the awareness materials located to showcase your events? I recently had to register my car with the state and receive my stickers from the Department of Transportation that get placed on my rear license plate. Included with my sticker was a one-sheet envelope-sized “brochure” from the Wisconsin Historical Foundation, asserting their value in the community and promoting their museum and information about the foundation. Every car owner in the state of Wisconsin was exposed to the mention of the Historical Foundation and what the society and the museum have to offer. Exposure is a first step, wide exposure is a bonus.

Second is access. In regards to access, mostly I have been concerned with improving electronic access versus physical access. Suitable hours of operations and providing a clearly stated use policy to your constituents[2], whether it is a public facility or a restricted access archives, is important and is probably already determined in an established repository. With electronic access, I have encountered so many frustrating sites and databases; I can’t imagine what a novice computer or database user would feel or how they would begin to search. What would be the motivation for returning to the site if they received nothing but frustrations and unhelpful results?

I really do see archives as a “customer service” type profession, however the commercial idea that “the customer is always right” should never apply to archives. (As a personal note, I have seen “the customer is always right” mentality abused many, many times and I am quite jaded towards it.)  Unlike a specific brand of cereal that is not on the shelf the last day of a sale, one cannot give a raincheck for archival materials. They might simply never have existed in the first place, were destroyed and never made it to the archives, or perhaps they are restricted.  Restrictions are particularly frustrating when it come to that commercial attitude.  If we have it, why aren’t we letting people see it?  Protecting other people’s rights and wishes–not only the donor’s, but anyone else who may be referenced in the collection–is of utmost importnace.  If we desire our archives to be of lasting value, than lasting ethics should be attached to the institution to maintain its integrity.


[1] Gardella, Joyce. “Surviving the Perfect Storm: Branding, Positioning and Differentition.” History News. Summer 2003. Page 22.

[2] I use the term “the public” to refer to the specific users of a repository, whether is actually the public or a restricted access archives. “Users” and “researchers” may also alternatively be used to refer to the people allowed to request, refer to and use the materials.

“The Art and Science of Seeing: Applying Visual Literacy Interpretation in Natural History Museums” by Johanna Jones

Wednesday, March 18th, 2009

I have altered my topic for my final term paper on “value” to be more geared towards visual literacy, which is what I was trying to express in the first place, but the term was eluding me.  The “value” topic was becoming so massive and what I was trying to cover was becoming more and more expansive that I just couldn’t handle it.  I will be including my reading on value when talking about visual literacy, but the paper will be split into to parts. The first part will be analyzing the applicability of the following theories from textual to visual collections: Schellenberg’s infomational and evidential values, Greene’s MPLP and post-modern thoughts. The second half of the paper will be exploring visual literacy, its impact on archives (how it could be used as outreach, perhaps?), and how archivists can learn to read visual materials (VM).

In looking at the art database and the available literature there, I was surprised to find aritcles dealing with museums and curation, mostly because in the seminar course, we are using the Museum Strategy and Marketing text by Kotler and Kotler and I would have thought that library, archival and museum literature would be in the same same database for searching. I digress.

This particular article is from the Curator magazine, issue 45, no. 4 from October of 2002.  While this looks like a promising article, I was sorely disappointed in its execution.  The author continues to pose questions which she doesn’t follow up with answers or suggestions.  The best feature about the article is the section with the definition of “visual literacy” and the providing link to Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC). I was hoping from such a title that this would be more than just a call to action.  It seems as if the author is promoting visual literacy as a cheerleader helps its team to victory.  There are few examples of visual literacy awareness in various musuems, but then the author seems to belittle their use in other locations:

How can visual literacy be applied to the interpretation in natural history museums? In the past, discovery rooms, hands-on carts and other staffed programming somewhat addressed these questions [...] On the practical side, many small institutions financially cannot afford adequate staff to conduct the programs or manage floor staff.  Even large institutions that have many offerings still do not reach the majority of vistors with programming but rather through exhibits. What are some ways for large numbers of visitors to experience visual analysis methods?

The beginning question is fine, it is answered, but then she seems to undercut the answer she just gave with mentions of impracticality and another question which she poses no answer to.  This leaves me with a feeling of hopelessness and some frustration.  I would have liked to see more on “the art and science of seeing.” While it is a catchy title, it is very misleading.  For promoting visual literacy, this article would need to explain on a more broad level what visual literacy is OR go into more detail on a few of the examples of what the program was and what technique was used to make visitors aware of the clues from the item itself. The author seems to be hovering between these two versions and neither is expressed clearly.

Hot linking images, e-archiving and other archival concepts

Wednesday, February 11th, 2009

Hot linking to a photo is much like tagging it for your own use.  It may prevent copyright/citation issues, but it create other problems. Think about this:

  • It could allow someone to track the usage to you.
    While this may be negative or positive, it is something to consider.  There is a link between their photo and their site and your site, even if it is a one-way link.  Improper use of an image and your link could create issues for you.
  • What if the admin of the site changes the photo, but uses the same location name?
    Your purpose for linking might not make sense with the image that now appears.  The new image may be wholly inappropriate or controversial.
  • Bandwidth
    While hot-linking in itself does not take up a lot of bandwidth, many people doing it to the same place does.  The host of the site ends up hosting the image on the many other sites that connect to it and that can cause traffic issues, as well as incur costs to the hosting entity.  In general, it is poor etiquette from one site creator to another.

What is my solution on this site?
I save images to my hard drive and then give credit to the image if I haven’t provided a link to the site or to the individual image.  One reason I have embraced this practice with more earnest is due to limitations in some locations about viewing.  Companies with certain restrictions on websites cannot view the images which appear through a hot link only. Having the image hosted by my site ensures that if they can view the site they can view the images posted with it.

What e-archival implications does this have? Why am I tagging this with electronic records?
This again stems from the DIRKS project and my records management class.  As part of my file structure, one could see My Pictures–>Not Mine–>Archives Blog.  I save the images to this folder to upload to the sire.  The questions of copyright and image credit do concern me, especially having artistic photos of my own, and I prefer to give credit where credit is due.

The archival-or perhaps this falls more under records management-issue is that of origination.  Where did it come from?  Who created it? Is it safe?  Looking through the picture folder, I right-click on the images and some have a warning: “This file came from another computer and may be blocked to protect your computer.”  I haven’t seen that before, so it helps with security, but it does not tell us the author or purpose for its creation.  Just because its on my hard drive does not mean that I’m the creator, but it is definitely evidence of my activities as a blogger.

Me, as a blogger.  I also realized that my file structure is flawed.  With the Archives Blog photos also in the Not Mine folder does not account for photos that ARE mine that I wish to put in the blog.  Slightly semantic, though.

Me, as a blogger. I also realized that my file structure is flawed. With the Archives Blog photos also in the Not Mine folder does not account for photos that ARE mine that I wish to put in the blog. Slightly semantic, though.

Afterthought:  I think this is the first example where I really, truly grasp the meaning of evidential value.  The previous entry includes an image of the PARADIGM logo.  It is not my creation, but I use it was illustration in my blog and it is evidence of that activity. Yay!

Value factors in visual materials appraisal

Thursday, January 15th, 2009

Excluding the summer classes, this semester will be the last for my Master’s degree.  One of the classes I will be taking is the archival seminar where we will be asked to write a 30 page research paper.  I am hoping to use this to get more in depth with visual materials appraisal criteria.  This would involve looking at what archivists, and hopefully specifically those archivists who work primarily with visual materials, see as valuable in a visual collection.  With my experience assisting a VM archivist, it seems that many of the same factors such as cohesiveness and completeness of a collection are desirable.  There are other factors in visual collections that may weigh more heavily than in a textual collection or that are not present in textual collections.

During the semester, I would like to be allowed to process and appraise a collection mainly comprised of photographic and visual materials. During this process, I will examine each decision step by step, articulating and thoroughly documenting each choice.  using the available literature on appraisal, photographic materials and non-textual materials in archives, as well as in other subject areas such as photojournalism, in addition to the examination of appraisal decisions, I hope to establish some sort of rubric, theory or general guidelines for the appraisal of photographic materials.  This exploration will also include discussions on value and the idea of neutral archives.

I see the exploration of the process of decision-making being slightly more informal than the sections dealing with photographic appraisal, value and neutral archives.  I will attempt to create a formalized, general set of guidelines or theory.

As I don’t yet know the parameters of the assignment or scope of the project, I am hoping that this will be acceptable and fitting.  I expect to find that amount of knowledge on the particular subject matter on behalf of the archivist to be relevant as well as time and resource allocation.  For the theory or guideline section, I have no idea what to expect.  I am also planning on relying heavily on the experience of the processing of a collection to form the theory, to encounter and record issues and also to provide inspiration for new areas in which to delve into researching for general archival practice.

The Double Bind by Chris Bohjalian

Friday, January 2nd, 2009

I have discovered the miracle known as audio books within the past year.  I will drive between St. Paul/Mpls area to Madison visiting my family for the holidays and that can be a 5-6.5 hour trip depending an traffic and which interstate I choose to take.  This entry is partially inspired by Richard Cox’s blog, Reading Archives and partially by the content of the book itself.

This book is not “about” archives.  At least, it doesn’t say it is. I will also say that I am not finished with the story, I’m on CD 3 out of 5 and I’m saving the rest for my ride home on January 2 or 3.  These are the points that I am most interested in: The girl works at a homeless shelter and one of the elderly men that they had known for about a year passed away.  They had helped to get him an apartment of his own and when they cleaned it out, they found a box of photos that were among the few possession that he brought with him when he arrived.  Upon his death, the shelter director had gone to Laurel, our protagonist, to help her curate a show of the photos.  The elderly man had often talked about having a show someday and the director wanted to make sure he didn’t have family who would want the photos or copyright, etc.  Laurel is also chosen for her experience in photography and she prints out photos from the negatives and does some research on his former life before the shelter with clues from some of the older photographs.

While the genius in the writing is the other, more personal part of the story and the interconnectedness between herself and the elderly man, I was facinated by the writing and the understanding of the process of what she was doing.  First, this is the kind of archival work that I would like to find.  I have earned my photography minor, possibly putting more work into that than I did into my Spanish major.  Secondly, the steps of intense archival work are there.  She has no archival training, but she does have photographic knowledge.   There is description of her thought processes on how to store, selection of what to print, creating an inventory of the images and negatives as well as searching for copyright restrictions or anyone else who may hold copyright.

This book is not just a novel, but it also has documentation of how a non-archivally trained professional would go about taking care of a collection.  It is a little slow going at times and I do need to take a break after each CD or so, but the ties to the archival world are fairly strong.  If you are interested in reading/listening to it, however, I would suggest reading or re-reading The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.  There are a lot of references to the characters/people of that book as well.

Provenance: Why is it so important?

Wednesday, December 31st, 2008

A couple weeks ago, I was having a discussion about “what archivists actually DO.”  I told him that the objective was to take (and I used examples of personal manuscripts, because that is what I am most familiar with) someone’s personal papers and try to arrange them in a way that reflects the way the person kept their records (original order) as well as inventory the subjects that were there (a well written finding aid).  At one point he suggested that we try to put things in order by subject and only subject.  And I was taken aback.  He did not understand the importance of provenance.  In addition to saying that sometimes where the collection came from is the only background information that was available to us, I gave him an example which was framed personally for him using our mutual friends.

Matt is a 30 year old who has an undergraduate degree and Master’s degree in Engineering.  He has lived and worked in 5 or more states in the US and is currently a manager at a food processing plant.  His other interests include computer games and biking.

Peter is a 26 year old who has an undergraduate degree in Psychology, is married and currently works as a cook in a restaurant.  His other interests include computer games and Dungeons and Dragons.  Peter keeps a lot of notes as a dungeon master in D&D and has created a fantasy world of his own for the people and characters he plays with.  He and his wife are also a very active members in an online computer game where they keep track of statistics of other players, which they keep some notes on.  Peter’s D&D materials are much more organized than the computer game notes.

My friend suggested that all notes from the computer game should be grouped together if both Matt and Peter kept notes.  I pointed out that it would then follow that all the D&D notes should be compiled with all the people who kept D&D notes, if that were to happen.  There are an infinite number of possible subject categories and it would be impossible for people to research the materials later.  Archives keep materials as evidence of the activities.  Personally, I also think that people keep manuscripts as evidence of our existence.  No one wants to be forgotten or marginalized.  But that is an area to be discussed later.  It is easier to know where the stuff came from and keep it all together so that later interrelations can be inferred without tracking down all the pieces.

His simple question of “Why is provenance so important?” really shook me.  I am still searching for a better, simpler answer to this, much like SAA put out a call for the elevator speech about “what do archivists do,”  I have a lot of difficulties coming up with something pithy and catchy to tell him.

This is what I was able to communicate to him at the time: Provenance is important because sometimes it is the only clue that archivists have to the origin of the materials and what their purpose was.  Linking materials to the creators is more efficient that trying to link everything to a subject because some materials belong to multiple subjects (which we then note in the documentation of the collections).

I would encourage those reading to post their thoughts.  Why is provenance important?  How would you explain its importance to a non-archival literate person–friend, patron, family?  On the flip side, if you don’t think that provenance isn’t as important as we are lead to believe, why is that and/or what is better?

Why don’t you just digitize all your sound archives?

Saturday, November 8th, 2008

While explaining to a (non-archives) friend that I was doing research for a paper on sound recordings in archives and rambling about preservation issues and proper temperature and humidity and how I was looking for sources, he interjected.

“Why don’t they just digitize everything?”

I was stunned.  This person works with computers and understands how quickly data formats become obsolete, and I pointed this out to him.  He pushed the issue saying that transferring audio now was so cheap and anyone could do it and then we wouldn’t have to worry about keeping the originals safe.

I tried, very unsuccessfully, to explain that the equipment is expensive and that it takes man hours to do that and paying people with the technical knowledge needs to be factored in.  His final take on it still was the mentality, “How hard can it really be?”

I found a paper a few days later that said exactly what I wish I could have expressed.  Presented at at least 2 international conferences, Dietrich Schüller’s paper “Audiovisual Sources and Their Future Availability” states quite nicely the amount of manpower digitizing involves.

A matter of serious concern is the time factor of such transfers.  If technically perfect source material is available, the transfer factor is three, meaning that one hour of original material will take three human work hours of transfer.  Historical mechanical carriers need a much higher time factor, as well as sticky tapes, or such that call for azimuth adjustment, etc.  For video, similar figures can be assumed.  While perfectly playable tapes will need a factor of three, historical formats and/or tapes in bad condition will need higher time factors for transfer.

Written around 2002, this factual tidbit of 3:1 for digital transfer of audio materials is helpful in summarizing many of the skeptical questions on “How long could it really take?”  These materials are to be transferred for years and years of future referencing.  They are not intended for someone’s personal MP3 music library.

Racine Heritage Museum - Archives / Research Center

Sunday, October 19th, 2008

701 Main Street
Racine, Wisconsin 53403-1211

Dick Ammann, Archivist
Phone: 262-636-3926.
Email: reammann[at]clmail.com
Archives hours: Tuesdays from 1 to 4:30, Saturdays from 10 to 1, and other times possible with advance appointment
http://www.racineheritagemuseum.org/

The archive has evolved, along with the Heritage Museum, from the Racine County Old Settlers’ Society of the 1800s, then onward to the Racine County Historical Society and is now the current county-wide historical society, museum, and archives collection. The major specialization is in Racine County themes and materials.

The archive is rich in family history materials and related indexes, plus resources relating to the county’s business and industry, infrastructure, institutions, and development. There are significant collections from several local industries, such as the J.I. Case Corporation, Western Publishing, and Haban Manufacturing. The Racine Journal Times newspaper has donated its clippings library and photo collection. They have been developing a reference copy set of our approximately 70,000 images, plus a copy set of materials regarding general county and municipal history, including popular topics such as the Underground Railroad in the county, the Racine Belles professional women’s baseball team, and architect Frank Lloyd Wright’s influence on our county’s architecture.

Community outreach programs are occurring monthly with the “First Fridays” program. Such First Friday events include Civil War reenactments, Racine Classic Cars, and tours of the Old Schoolhouse. Also occurring at these events are the openings of new exhibits and raffles. September’s exhibit was “People and Wheat,” illuminating ethnic immigration into Racine county and the importance of the wheat crop in the cultural and economical development of the area.

Long distance research services are available and reproductions of images are available for purchase.


Reproduction of a painting of Racine Harbor from the 1850s. The view is toward the southeast, with Lake Michigan at the far left and the State Street Bridge toward the right. The large warehouse southeast of the Wisconsin Avenue Bridge at the left was owned by Dutton and Raymond. It has been verified as an Underground Railroad site, a final hiding place for passengers waiting for a friendly Great Lakes vessel to drop them off in Canada.


The first diesel-powered craft in Racine Harbor was probably this unlikely visitor on August 11, 1919: the German Navy’s U C 97, which was turned over to the Allied forces at the close of World War One. She was taken on tour through the Great Lakes in 1919 and 1920 to raise funds for post-war bond drives. She ended her tour in Chicago then was sunk in Lake Michigan, in accord with naval treaties. She was used for off-shore target practice in June 1912, off of northern Illinois, and has been located by contemporary divers.


Integrated local and regional public transit is represented in this image of the North Shore interurban station in West Racine in about 1929, when a new train was displayed. In this era, over 30 passenger trains a day passed through Racine. To the right is the local Racine street car which will loop around downtown. In the foreground is a taxi cab. Today, only one lone taxi vehicle exists in the city. The street cars disappeared in the early 1950s and the North Shore was shortsightedly killed in the early 1960s.


The Racine Belles professional women’s baseball team was portrayed in the contemporary film, “A League of their Own.” Contrary to the film’s depictions, the players, coach, chaperone, and management all interacted positively. These five ladies were photographed at Racine’s Horlick Field: Betty Trezza, LaVonne Paire, Margaret Danhauser, Sopy Kurys, and Madeline English.

Top image: Postcard from the 1920s showing the Carnegie Library. The building was given a new life as the Racine County Museum (now Racine Heritage Museum) in 1962.

All images are from the Archives collection. The Museum maintains reproduction copy rights.

Entry compiled by Rachel Pieper

[originally published in Archives Month 2008: Celebrating Wisconsin's Archives]

Appraisal of Sound Records

Sunday, October 12th, 2008

For our “Accessioning and Appraisal” class, our final paper is aimed at being a publishable piece, approximately 17-23 pages long.  Originally, I had chosen appraisal of photographs, as that is where my major interest is.  It had been suggested to me that I do sound.  I balked at the idea at first, as I have not had any interaction with audio media in the archives realm, but as I’m reading more on it, I am becoming more interested in the complexity of issues that surround its appraisal.

Christopher Ann Paton’s article, “Appraisal of Sound Recordings for Textual Archivists” is my best resource so far, touching on many of the aspects that I would also like to incorporate into my literature review. Other sources that are proving to be very helpful are Boles’ Selecting and Appraising Archives, Paton’s “Preservation Re-Recording of Audio Recordings in Archives,” Helen Harrison’s 1984 RAMP study, and Frederick J. Stielow’s The Management of Oral History Sound Archives.

I am aware that I am not the strongest researcher.  My frustration with my searching is that the sources I’ve found are all about 20 years old, with the exception of the Boles book, but those 2 pages reference the very useful Paton articles I’ve mentioned.

I’ve done a bit of reference-chasing in the Boles book, but its not leading me to anything new.  I’m looking for and open to all suggestions for sources on appraising audio records in archives.

Selecting and Appraising Websites

Wednesday, October 8th, 2008

Our speaker today was Jonathan Nelson from the Wisconsin Historical Society.

They’re working on projects using Archive-It (a subscription service from the Internet Archive) to document relevant websites in regards to the institutions collections.  I took a look that the Archive-It’s Partners list and I see some impressive names on there.

I must insert here that I am a student with no administrative experience, so the following comments are based off of my general impressions, not from real-life.

It was mentioned that this subscription costs approximately $10,000 a year.  That includes 1/2 Gigabyte of storage, the program and the interface with customizable depth of drilling for URLs.  This seems an extravagant amount for a service such as this, especially the low amount of storage space.  With the thousands of spam bots and viruses out there that do similar crawling, the programming of the project does not seem to be the limiting factor.  Is the draw that the information is being held off-site, in a “safe” repository?

The fact that it is held off-site and made searchable by the public through the Archive-It’s website is a plus, but I’m still thinking the cost is high. Realizing that you can search any partner’s archived sites is impressive to me, in the shoes of an end-user, where I don’t have to sign in or align and limit myself to a certain repository.  Strangely enough, I don’t see Wisconsin Historical Society on the list.

Some of the caveats that were mentioned about digital archiving in this manner included costliness (of course), over-collecting, and the consideration of the importance of the material in the future.  Are institutional or individual websites just a fad?  Or do they have lasting value?  I find this a  difficult question to grapple with.  The internet, for the most part, has been available in the home for a little over 10 years now.  Since then, the cost of a web domain on which to host pages has continued to decrease, to where it can be as low as $10/year (That is about what the www.thenovicearchivist.com domain was purchased for).

How does an archivist know who’s stuff to capture?  Often times many famous writers are not known until they’ve passed away.  By the time an archive is aware of their existence the website domain probably will have been resold.

Website capturing and archiving seems just as sticky as something like sound or video archiving, where the migration (or emulation) of the media will incur annual expenses. Whereas paper records can be processed and stored, with the only annual costs are the storage and proper conditions (and perhaps later on, digitization, but that is a whole different bag of worms).