Archive for the ‘Graduate School Experience’ Category

The Purpose of an Archive

Thursday, May 14th, 2009

I have finished most all of my requirements for graduate school.  My final archives research paper was on visual literacy and I discussed important angles to consider win the process and the context when looking at visual materials.  There was a section where I was able to include a type of personal statement.  It flowed from what I was writing and is the lens I look through when considering what to do and how to process a collection. The following section was included as an explanation of how I viewed the purpose or responsibility of an archive.

I look at all aspects of archival work as pointing to an end goal of getting people interested in what the institutions hold and secondly a certain degree of customer satisfaction. In order for interest to be created—in a collection, in an institution, in anything—they need to it exists. This step in awareness is extremely important and it seems that is it often viewed as cursory or even completely overlooked. As Joyce Gardella has stated, “Being a ‘Good Thing’ is not the protection it once was.[1]” Although she was referring to museums, it is true for all cultural institutions. Providing unique materials, creating exhibits and programs that offer experiences that are irreplaceable are only useful to the sustainability of the institution if people know about it. While this may sound childishly simple and obvious, much of the available literature seems to focus on theory and technique. By no means am I saying that there is no more room for theory in archives, but I am wondering where the practical information resources are. Where and how do people find out about your institution? Where is advertisement, or, if that term is too commercial for the cultural institution, where are the awareness materials located to showcase your events? I recently had to register my car with the state and receive my stickers from the Department of Transportation that get placed on my rear license plate. Included with my sticker was a one-sheet envelope-sized “brochure” from the Wisconsin Historical Foundation, asserting their value in the community and promoting their museum and information about the foundation. Every car owner in the state of Wisconsin was exposed to the mention of the Historical Foundation and what the society and the museum have to offer. Exposure is a first step, wide exposure is a bonus.

Second is access. In regards to access, mostly I have been concerned with improving electronic access versus physical access. Suitable hours of operations and providing a clearly stated use policy to your constituents[2], whether it is a public facility or a restricted access archives, is important and is probably already determined in an established repository. With electronic access, I have encountered so many frustrating sites and databases; I can’t imagine what a novice computer or database user would feel or how they would begin to search. What would be the motivation for returning to the site if they received nothing but frustrations and unhelpful results?

I really do see archives as a “customer service” type profession, however the commercial idea that “the customer is always right” should never apply to archives. (As a personal note, I have seen “the customer is always right” mentality abused many, many times and I am quite jaded towards it.)  Unlike a specific brand of cereal that is not on the shelf the last day of a sale, one cannot give a raincheck for archival materials. They might simply never have existed in the first place, were destroyed and never made it to the archives, or perhaps they are restricted.  Restrictions are particularly frustrating when it come to that commercial attitude.  If we have it, why aren’t we letting people see it?  Protecting other people’s rights and wishes–not only the donor’s, but anyone else who may be referenced in the collection–is of utmost importnace.  If we desire our archives to be of lasting value, than lasting ethics should be attached to the institution to maintain its integrity.


[1] Gardella, Joyce. “Surviving the Perfect Storm: Branding, Positioning and Differentition.” History News. Summer 2003. Page 22.

[2] I use the term “the public” to refer to the specific users of a repository, whether is actually the public or a restricted access archives. “Users” and “researchers” may also alternatively be used to refer to the people allowed to request, refer to and use the materials.

PARADIGM and personal organizational structure

Monday, February 9th, 2009

For the DIRKS project for the Records Management class, it was suggested that we run a command on the C:\ which would list out the directory structure in tree form.  This is a really neat thing to see! Instructions can be found here on the PARADIGM site (or click logo).

paradigm

As they say, doing the entire C drive can take a long time.  It also results in files that are completely unnecessary.  After the file created itself, I spent a solid 10 minutes checking out my files and noticing some redundancies that can be eliminated. I then spent the next HALF HOUR deleting the program files so that I wouldn’t send a freaking huge .txt file to my group mates.  Even after that, it is still a 3+ MB text file.

Its quite a cool trick to know, but there is a caveat: This is invasive, as it shows you everything down to the file level.  Knowledge is power and archivists and records managers have access to tons of it.

Before the Archive: Managing records; student files

Sunday, February 8th, 2009

I recently obtained a position as a student office worker and my first task was to help “prepare student files for archiving.”  As an archives student, I was very interested as to what the office of origination considered to be pertinent and lasting information and what was discarded.  My instructions are quite flexible and fairly simple.

If there is a picture of the student in the file, keep it. Keep form that says they officially completed the degree. Discard course authorization forms, if they earned the degree, they most likely were allowed in the class and passed it.  Discard lists of classes complete. Discard final grades.  This information is held in the university system, not by the individual departments.  Keep any correspondence that deal with disputes of any kind-grades, class completion, etc.  Keep the initial application for admission.  Discard (shred) the transcripts that were included from other schools.  That information should be sought from those institutions.  If there is something questionable, make an educated decision.

An educated decision…some of the questionable items that I’ve found include student thesis.  I’ve left those in the file.  Slips of paper with just an address.  I discard those, there is no date nor indication of who the address belongs to.  Another really interesting item I found was a postcard with the picture of the former student at her then-current job with a note on what she’s doing and when would be good dates to visit.

What am I learning from this?

The information, like grades and classes, personal notes from professors (that are not there), which I would find most interesting as a student wanting to see my record, are not kept.  The department is a business and evidence of the business transactions are retained.  The application, possible issues that may have arose, and certification that all classes required were completed and the degree was earned: these are the lasting documentation that is retained.

The university is a business.

DIRKS and personal records

Thursday, January 29th, 2009

The main assignment for the records management class involves us to get very familiar with DIRKS.  DIRKS (Designing and Implementing a Records Keeping System) was developed by the National Archives of Australia.  This system allows an organization to take an intense look at the current record keeping practices and flow of documents and then restructure and make suggestions for a more efficient method of conducting business.

Although DIRKS was created for organizations, the assignment has us looking at personal records.  I have volunteered to allow my records to be used for this project.  In this case, we specifically looking at only our electronic records.  As students at UW Madison, this makes sense because almost all of our class material is online through the Learn @ UW interface.  I am looking at my personal electronic records and online presence and this is the short summary I posted for potential group members:

Hi I’m Rachel and I’ve volunteered to have my records DIRKS’d. I don’t know what you want to know about me to know if we’d work well together, but here’s an overview of my digital presence both on my computer and on the internet:

Internet presence:  I have 8+ email accounts, 3 blogs, I have online gaming accounts with 4+ websites, I belong to 6+ social networking sites, 1 active wiki user account, I have accounts for online purchasing with 3+ websites and I bank/have credit cards with 4 companies.

My personal computer: I have school work from 7 years of post-secondary education, about 15 gigs (over 13,000 files) of digital images, various versions of resumes and job descriptions, letters to friends and job cover letters, games and game notes, program files, medical expenses spreadsheet as well as power point slides, MS Access tinkering and the random stuff that one finds and plays with on a computer. Some random video and songs, too, but I’m not a big collector of that kind of media.

I am excited to see what kind of suggestions will be made.  There are 4 other people in my group and I know that there are certain areas of my “filing” that could use some help.  While DIRKS was created with organizations in mind, this assignment not only lets us get hands-on experience with analyzing a set of previously organized records, but it forces us to fully understand how the template is supposed to function because we have to adapt it to this way of using it.  I think that the assignment is a creative one and I think our professor has done a great job of breaking it down into manageable sections.

The DIRKS manual is online, created and published by the National Archives of Australia.

Value factors in visual materials appraisal

Thursday, January 15th, 2009

Excluding the summer classes, this semester will be the last for my Master’s degree.  One of the classes I will be taking is the archival seminar where we will be asked to write a 30 page research paper.  I am hoping to use this to get more in depth with visual materials appraisal criteria.  This would involve looking at what archivists, and hopefully specifically those archivists who work primarily with visual materials, see as valuable in a visual collection.  With my experience assisting a VM archivist, it seems that many of the same factors such as cohesiveness and completeness of a collection are desirable.  There are other factors in visual collections that may weigh more heavily than in a textual collection or that are not present in textual collections.

During the semester, I would like to be allowed to process and appraise a collection mainly comprised of photographic and visual materials. During this process, I will examine each decision step by step, articulating and thoroughly documenting each choice.  using the available literature on appraisal, photographic materials and non-textual materials in archives, as well as in other subject areas such as photojournalism, in addition to the examination of appraisal decisions, I hope to establish some sort of rubric, theory or general guidelines for the appraisal of photographic materials.  This exploration will also include discussions on value and the idea of neutral archives.

I see the exploration of the process of decision-making being slightly more informal than the sections dealing with photographic appraisal, value and neutral archives.  I will attempt to create a formalized, general set of guidelines or theory.

As I don’t yet know the parameters of the assignment or scope of the project, I am hoping that this will be acceptable and fitting.  I expect to find that amount of knowledge on the particular subject matter on behalf of the archivist to be relevant as well as time and resource allocation.  For the theory or guideline section, I have no idea what to expect.  I am also planning on relying heavily on the experience of the processing of a collection to form the theory, to encounter and record issues and also to provide inspiration for new areas in which to delve into researching for general archival practice.

2008 and Semester Resolution

Saturday, December 27th, 2008

The fall 2008 semester has thus far been the most difficult for me, ever.  With many responsibilities demanding my attention, there were a few things that needed to be temporarily de-prioritized. First of all, I would like to apologize to the readership for my lack of posting.  The Novice Archivist unfortunately was one of the acticities that I needed to divert my attention from.  Second of all, I would like to say thank you to those of you–Meredith, Jessica and James–who responded to my “bleg” about sources for audio appraisal.  That semester paper was one of the biggest projects I had going on and your suggestions were immensely helpful.

Today I still have holiday gatherings to attend and then I can wind down and begin to refresh myself for the new year.  There are many things still on my plate for January, even though school isn’t in session until the end of the month.  I have ideas for a few interesting blog entries, but I usually take inspiration from what I do while working with archives and issues or cool things I find.

May the holidays and New Year find you all healthier and happier than the year before.
In the spirit of archives,
Rachel L. Pieper

Why don’t you just digitize all your sound archives?

Saturday, November 8th, 2008

While explaining to a (non-archives) friend that I was doing research for a paper on sound recordings in archives and rambling about preservation issues and proper temperature and humidity and how I was looking for sources, he interjected.

“Why don’t they just digitize everything?”

I was stunned.  This person works with computers and understands how quickly data formats become obsolete, and I pointed this out to him.  He pushed the issue saying that transferring audio now was so cheap and anyone could do it and then we wouldn’t have to worry about keeping the originals safe.

I tried, very unsuccessfully, to explain that the equipment is expensive and that it takes man hours to do that and paying people with the technical knowledge needs to be factored in.  His final take on it still was the mentality, “How hard can it really be?”

I found a paper a few days later that said exactly what I wish I could have expressed.  Presented at at least 2 international conferences, Dietrich Schüller’s paper “Audiovisual Sources and Their Future Availability” states quite nicely the amount of manpower digitizing involves.

A matter of serious concern is the time factor of such transfers.  If technically perfect source material is available, the transfer factor is three, meaning that one hour of original material will take three human work hours of transfer.  Historical mechanical carriers need a much higher time factor, as well as sticky tapes, or such that call for azimuth adjustment, etc.  For video, similar figures can be assumed.  While perfectly playable tapes will need a factor of three, historical formats and/or tapes in bad condition will need higher time factors for transfer.

Written around 2002, this factual tidbit of 3:1 for digital transfer of audio materials is helpful in summarizing many of the skeptical questions on “How long could it really take?”  These materials are to be transferred for years and years of future referencing.  They are not intended for someone’s personal MP3 music library.

Racine Heritage Museum - Archives / Research Center

Sunday, October 19th, 2008

701 Main Street
Racine, Wisconsin 53403-1211

Dick Ammann, Archivist
Phone: 262-636-3926.
Email: reammann[at]clmail.com
Archives hours: Tuesdays from 1 to 4:30, Saturdays from 10 to 1, and other times possible with advance appointment
http://www.racineheritagemuseum.org/

The archive has evolved, along with the Heritage Museum, from the Racine County Old Settlers’ Society of the 1800s, then onward to the Racine County Historical Society and is now the current county-wide historical society, museum, and archives collection. The major specialization is in Racine County themes and materials.

The archive is rich in family history materials and related indexes, plus resources relating to the county’s business and industry, infrastructure, institutions, and development. There are significant collections from several local industries, such as the J.I. Case Corporation, Western Publishing, and Haban Manufacturing. The Racine Journal Times newspaper has donated its clippings library and photo collection. They have been developing a reference copy set of our approximately 70,000 images, plus a copy set of materials regarding general county and municipal history, including popular topics such as the Underground Railroad in the county, the Racine Belles professional women’s baseball team, and architect Frank Lloyd Wright’s influence on our county’s architecture.

Community outreach programs are occurring monthly with the “First Fridays” program. Such First Friday events include Civil War reenactments, Racine Classic Cars, and tours of the Old Schoolhouse. Also occurring at these events are the openings of new exhibits and raffles. September’s exhibit was “People and Wheat,” illuminating ethnic immigration into Racine county and the importance of the wheat crop in the cultural and economical development of the area.

Long distance research services are available and reproductions of images are available for purchase.


Reproduction of a painting of Racine Harbor from the 1850s. The view is toward the southeast, with Lake Michigan at the far left and the State Street Bridge toward the right. The large warehouse southeast of the Wisconsin Avenue Bridge at the left was owned by Dutton and Raymond. It has been verified as an Underground Railroad site, a final hiding place for passengers waiting for a friendly Great Lakes vessel to drop them off in Canada.


The first diesel-powered craft in Racine Harbor was probably this unlikely visitor on August 11, 1919: the German Navy’s U C 97, which was turned over to the Allied forces at the close of World War One. She was taken on tour through the Great Lakes in 1919 and 1920 to raise funds for post-war bond drives. She ended her tour in Chicago then was sunk in Lake Michigan, in accord with naval treaties. She was used for off-shore target practice in June 1912, off of northern Illinois, and has been located by contemporary divers.


Integrated local and regional public transit is represented in this image of the North Shore interurban station in West Racine in about 1929, when a new train was displayed. In this era, over 30 passenger trains a day passed through Racine. To the right is the local Racine street car which will loop around downtown. In the foreground is a taxi cab. Today, only one lone taxi vehicle exists in the city. The street cars disappeared in the early 1950s and the North Shore was shortsightedly killed in the early 1960s.


The Racine Belles professional women’s baseball team was portrayed in the contemporary film, “A League of their Own.” Contrary to the film’s depictions, the players, coach, chaperone, and management all interacted positively. These five ladies were photographed at Racine’s Horlick Field: Betty Trezza, LaVonne Paire, Margaret Danhauser, Sopy Kurys, and Madeline English.

Top image: Postcard from the 1920s showing the Carnegie Library. The building was given a new life as the Racine County Museum (now Racine Heritage Museum) in 1962.

All images are from the Archives collection. The Museum maintains reproduction copy rights.

Entry compiled by Rachel Pieper

[originally published in Archives Month 2008: Celebrating Wisconsin's Archives]

Appraisal of Sound Records

Sunday, October 12th, 2008

For our “Accessioning and Appraisal” class, our final paper is aimed at being a publishable piece, approximately 17-23 pages long.  Originally, I had chosen appraisal of photographs, as that is where my major interest is.  It had been suggested to me that I do sound.  I balked at the idea at first, as I have not had any interaction with audio media in the archives realm, but as I’m reading more on it, I am becoming more interested in the complexity of issues that surround its appraisal.

Christopher Ann Paton’s article, “Appraisal of Sound Recordings for Textual Archivists” is my best resource so far, touching on many of the aspects that I would also like to incorporate into my literature review. Other sources that are proving to be very helpful are Boles’ Selecting and Appraising Archives, Paton’s “Preservation Re-Recording of Audio Recordings in Archives,” Helen Harrison’s 1984 RAMP study, and Frederick J. Stielow’s The Management of Oral History Sound Archives.

I am aware that I am not the strongest researcher.  My frustration with my searching is that the sources I’ve found are all about 20 years old, with the exception of the Boles book, but those 2 pages reference the very useful Paton articles I’ve mentioned.

I’ve done a bit of reference-chasing in the Boles book, but its not leading me to anything new.  I’m looking for and open to all suggestions for sources on appraising audio records in archives.

Selecting and Appraising Websites

Wednesday, October 8th, 2008

Our speaker today was Jonathan Nelson from the Wisconsin Historical Society.

They’re working on projects using Archive-It (a subscription service from the Internet Archive) to document relevant websites in regards to the institutions collections.  I took a look that the Archive-It’s Partners list and I see some impressive names on there.

I must insert here that I am a student with no administrative experience, so the following comments are based off of my general impressions, not from real-life.

It was mentioned that this subscription costs approximately $10,000 a year.  That includes 1/2 Gigabyte of storage, the program and the interface with customizable depth of drilling for URLs.  This seems an extravagant amount for a service such as this, especially the low amount of storage space.  With the thousands of spam bots and viruses out there that do similar crawling, the programming of the project does not seem to be the limiting factor.  Is the draw that the information is being held off-site, in a “safe” repository?

The fact that it is held off-site and made searchable by the public through the Archive-It’s website is a plus, but I’m still thinking the cost is high. Realizing that you can search any partner’s archived sites is impressive to me, in the shoes of an end-user, where I don’t have to sign in or align and limit myself to a certain repository.  Strangely enough, I don’t see Wisconsin Historical Society on the list.

Some of the caveats that were mentioned about digital archiving in this manner included costliness (of course), over-collecting, and the consideration of the importance of the material in the future.  Are institutional or individual websites just a fad?  Or do they have lasting value?  I find this a  difficult question to grapple with.  The internet, for the most part, has been available in the home for a little over 10 years now.  Since then, the cost of a web domain on which to host pages has continued to decrease, to where it can be as low as $10/year (That is about what the www.thenovicearchivist.com domain was purchased for).

How does an archivist know who’s stuff to capture?  Often times many famous writers are not known until they’ve passed away.  By the time an archive is aware of their existence the website domain probably will have been resold.

Website capturing and archiving seems just as sticky as something like sound or video archiving, where the migration (or emulation) of the media will incur annual expenses. Whereas paper records can be processed and stored, with the only annual costs are the storage and proper conditions (and perhaps later on, digitization, but that is a whole different bag of worms).